Research
Infants and toddlers are wired to thrive with high levels of personal care: study
Freya Lucas
Nov 15, 2023
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Infants and toddlers may be psychologically wired to thrive with high levels of “sensitive care” and personal attention, a new study from Cambridge University has found.
The study was conducted with contemporary hunter-gatherer societies, which lead researcher Dr Nikhil Chaudhary said, reminding readers that for more than 95 per cent of evolutionary history, people lived as hunter-gatherers.Such a lifestyle, he said, helps infants and toddlers to receive attentive care and physical contact for about nine hours per day from up to 15 different caregivers, and parents, especially mothers, “had far more support than they currently do in Western countries such as the UK.”
He argues that recent changes in policy in the UK show that early childhood education and care (ECEC) is becoming more of a priority for the government, which is a step forward, but more needs to be done to ensure the wellbeing of mothers and children.
“For more than 95 per cent of our evolutionary history we lived as hunter-gatherers. Therefore, contemporary hunter-gatherer societies can offer clues as to whether there are certain child rearing systems to which infants, and their mothers, may be psychologically adapted,” Dr Chaudhary said.
He did, however, express a need for caution before jumping to conclusions.
“Many aspects of our psychology have evolved to be flexible rather than best suited to one specific way of life. The extent to which this is true for childrearing is still debated.”
For the latest research, Dr Chaudhary and his colleague Dr Salali worked with Mbendjele BaYaka hunter-gatherers in the Republic of Congo, and have been analysing and interpreting the findings alongside a child psychiatrist, Dr Annie Swanepoel.
In the new paper, the researchers outline that children may be “evolutionarily primed” to expect exceptionally high levels of physical contact and care, as well as personal attention from several caregivers in addition to their biological parents.
When considering the implications for Western countries, the authors highlight that the provision of affordable high-quality childcare support, which goes beyond effective supervision, should be prioritised. Higher caregiver-to-child ratios, and stability of key caregivers in ECEC settings and institutional care, may be important for minimising risks to wellbeing.
In the hunter-gatherer communities observed in the research, caregiving is considered to go “so far beyond the parents.”
Children often have 10+ caregivers and occasionally 20 or more, and typically a mother’s support system would help respond to more than half of her baby’s episodes of crying, which can be one of the most challenging aspects of parenting.
“Support for mothers also has numerous benefits for children such as reducing the risk of neglect and abuse, buffering against family adversity, and improving maternal wellbeing which in turn enhances maternal care,” Dr Swanepoel said.
The study found that it was common for older children and adolescents to be heavily involved in caring for infants, further supporting mothers and giving these young carers valuable experience. The researchers speculate that this might boost their confidence as caregivers, and perhaps offer some protection against the anxieties often experienced by first time parents.
While in Western societies ECEC is viewed as a vehicle to allow parents to work, the researchers argue for the need for “childcare” to also be something which allows parents to have “an actual break”.
“Throughout human history and prehistory, parents have never been under the pressure they are now in terms of lack of support,” Dr Chaudhary said.
“The nuclear family system in the west is a world away from the communal living arrangements of hunter-gatherer societies like the Mbendjele,” he continued.
Ratios of caregivers to children were greater than five-to-one in the observed hunter-gatherer groups, whereas in UK nurseries each adult is responsible for numerous children. In fact, regulations on adult-to-child ratios in early years settings have recently decreased for two-year-olds to one caregiver for five children – the opposite of what the researchers observed in the Mbendjele communities.
Despite the high numbers of caregivers, the study suggests that children may be adapted to having a stable set of core carers within this larger network. Mbendjele children benefit from the supplementary care of many people, but retain access to personal attention and consistency from a handful of key carers.
This is in line with previous research suggesting a potential link between instability of caregivers and issues with emotional and cognitive development, Dr Chaudhary said, and he is concerned that many ECEC settings in the UK currently face a staffing crisis, and rely on ever-changing agency staff.
“Childcare is finally becoming a priority in the government’s budget, but there is much more to do,” Dr Chaudhary added. “As a society, from policy makers to employers to healthcare services, we need to work together to ensure mothers and children receive the support and care they need to thrive.”
Access the findings here.
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