Research

Children who are exposed to lead in drinking water have poor long-term outcomes

Freya Lucas

Nov 29, 2022

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Children who were exposed to lead in their drinking water have worse cognitive functioning even more than 50 years later, new research from the University of Minnesota has found.

The research is the first to estimate the long-term consequences of childhood lead exposure using data collected from a nationally representative sample of Americans, and was recently published in Science Advances.

Using reviewed data from the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS), which has collected detailed cognitive and health data on a large group of older Americans every other year since 1992, and the 1940 U.S. census, the researchers linked that data with archival records of service pipes used in municipal water systems and other information about the chemistry of municipal drinking water, finding:

Children who were exposed to lead in their drinking water performed worse on HRS cognitive assessments in their late 50s and early 60s
They experienced no steeper rate of cognitive decline thereafter
Children were exposed to the highest levels of lead in the United States in the 1970s. This means that people who experience the highest rates of lead exposure have yet to reach the age where cognitive decline and dementia typically occur; thus, the long-term consequences of lead exposure may be felt most heavily in the next few decades.

“Lead can affect the growing brain, which can have permanent consequences,” said Professor Rob Warren, one of the authors on the paper.

“Children's bodies store some lead in the bones, and that lead escapes later in life when people experience osteoporosis or menopause. This means that lead can re-enter the bloodstream decades after the exposure has ended.”

This study only considered lead exposure from municipal drinking water systems. Future work will also consider the consequences of exposure to lead through paint and gasoline.

View the research here.

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