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Japanese researchers bust ‘the three year old myth’ highlighting value of group care
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Freya Lucas
Feb 19, 2025
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Prevailing wisdom in Japan, known as ‘the three year old myth’ has been challenged thanks to new findings from researchers at Tohoku University.
The three year old myth has long held that children should be raised in the home by their mothers until three years of age for optimal development - a myth which is now being challenged by the findings which showed that raising children in long day care or other early childhood settings does not hinder their development, and might even help with their social, motor, and problem-solving skills.Belief in the "Three-Year-Old Myth" persisted despite Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare insisting it has no rational basis. As a result many Japanese mothers struggle with guilt and anxiety over their decision to send their children to care when returning to work.
The new study, published in Scientific Reports, highlights the work of a research team led by Dr Keita Kanamori, a graduate student, and Professor Chiharu Ota, from the Department of Development and Environmental Medicine.
The team found that children who started childcare when they were six months of age exhibited improved development by the age of three years when compared with children raised at home.
Improvements were shown across five areas: communication, gross motor skills, fine motor skills, problem-solving, and personal-social skills.
To reach their conclusions the research team analysed data from approximately 40,000 participants in the government-administered Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), the large-scale birth cohort study in Japan, where child-rearing values differ from those of Western countries.
The JECS, which enrolled participants between 2011 and 2014, followed 100,000 mother-child pairs across Japan to identify the impact of environmental factors on the children's health and development.
The biggest developmental gaps between these toddlers and those raised at home were in communication and personal-social skills.
The toddlers who attended early childhood services also had better motor skills - the ability to control and coordinate their movements. The authors speculated that this may stem from more time spent playing with others.
Though these results suggest that attending care could result in improved development, the researchers pointed out that only a small percentage of children raised at home fell below the standard developmental cutoff values.
Both home- and childcare- based child rearing have a myriad of benefits, they say, and they hope their research will dispel the myth that staying home with the mother until the age of three years of age is essential for healthy development.
"Our key message is that both childcare facilities and home-based child-rearing are viable options, and families could choose what works best for them without guilt or anxiety," Professor Ota said.
Looking forward, the team plans to investigate how early childcare impacts children's development beyond the age of three, as well as its impact on attachment formation and emotional development.
Access the findings in full here.
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